Clippermac Ltd Marketing Strategy Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Clippermac Ltd Marketing Strategy - Case Study ExampleThis study was initiated to carry out a marketplaceing analysis of Clippermac Ltd. Using certain analytical models such as Porters, generic strategy and competitive advantage, the company was diagnosed.There after the report examined the methods of market segmentation open to the management. Two methods were presented through which the divisions could be segmented. I suggested segmenting the market into geographical, demographical and time segment. This is because through these methods, the company is better placed to meet up with its objectives.The opus calls for, a value adding and marketing strategy for increasing yields to the company for the benefits of the entire European Community. It will take approximately five years for projected gross revenue to reach about 1billion pounds per annum. The company expects to target not only high yielding niche market but low income household as advantageously with the introduction of t he new products. Key success factors within the market will beTodays business environment is increasingly becoming more turbulent, chaotic and dispute than ever before and to survive, it is vital that a firm can do something better than its competitors ( Wonglimpiyarat 20041). ... Clippermac Ltd brand of innovative quality furniture and promotional gifts. Individualised guest services - tailor made custom design providing customers with what they want, when and how they want it. One of the market leading full service fashion distribution company in the UK.1.0 IntroductionTodays business environment is increasingly becoming more turbulent, chaotic and challenging than ever before and to survive, it is vital that a firm can do something better than its competitors ( Wonglimpiyarat 20041). Globalisation has not only altered the nature and the intensity of competition but has had to dictate and shape organisations in terms of what consumers wants, how and when they want it and what th ey atomic number 18 prepared to pay for it (Hagan 19961). Kanter (199571) on his work on Mastering Change argues that success in the present day business is not for those companies that re-engineer the way they do things, or for those fixing the past. According to Kanter (1995) such an action will not constitute an adequate response. This is so because success is based on an organisations ability to create, quite than predict the future by developing those products that will literally transform the way the world thinks and view it self and the needs (Kanter 199571). Within the context of todays international competition, businesses and firms no-longer compete as individual companies but try to corporate with other businesses in their activities (Wu & Chien 20072). These researchers went further to argue that, this strategy has become quite common in many businesses including the retail clothing chain stores. The conventional vertical integrated company based business model is gra dually being replaced by cooperative relationship between many

Cold war crisis and wars Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Cold war crisis and wars - Term Paper ExampleTherefore, the case of the ground forces was in absolute terms a paradox. In the course of defining itself as well as protecting itself from the aggression of the Nazi Germany, the other superpower that took plowshare in the WWII, (the Soviet Union) ended up as having the biggest army in the whole globe. Just like the USA, the Soviet Union had gained a lot of muscular tissue since the Asian and European rivals had experienced gigantic losses during the war. Politics had it that immediately after World state of war II, the USA would emerge to the top as the democracy with the most influence and power while the Soviet Union would come in second, but the second rankers were not satisfied with this fate. The Soviet Union was take a leak to do anything to move to the top of every nation in the world. But to make matters even worse, they were at a relatively distant second. This is due to the accompaniment that even if the Soviet Union had moved strides ahead in given sectors, some had lagged behind. Hundreds of thousands of people and a good number of towns, cities and villages had been lost during the war. Reconstruction was the important task, which the Soviet Union faced after the war, thus. Also the nation had to prove that it had legitimacy in diplomacy following years of sidelining by other loaded countries and that the Joseph Stalins government would use other means other than military power to forge ahead. Origin of the Cold War and Causes Therefore, faced with all the forces from outside, it is unremarkably argued that USA involved itself in this war that was to be known as the Cold War. It is in the 1990s, though, that it was clear to many about the boundaries that were brought about by the refrigerated war. It is said that the Cold War was in existence for four decades and a half. That is, from 1945 to 1990 as Gregory and Balkin say in their book. This term Cold War can lead its origin from the speech of financier Baruch in 1947 and this signified a time period of hostility and rivalry that was first witnessed between the Soviet Union and the US and that was an issue of hostility short of combat only. (Gregory and Balkin, 2003 p263) The other perception with regards to the origin of Cold War is as presented by King Lisa in the Origins of the Cold War study. The author vexs it that it all started with the Hiroshima bombing where the US was the nation responsible and it happened in August 1945. The city together with half of its dwellers faced the worse end. Two eld following this bombing Russia made a declaration of war against Japan. The war on Japan declaration had however not started in 1945, it had all began in the 1943s Teheran conference where the Soviet Union made a reaffirmation that it would attack Japan subsequent to the loss to Germans. In other both conferences, Potsdams and Yaltas, Russia also declared their entry into war with Asia came August 9th in 1945, just a fter the August 6th Hiroshima bombing, another atomic bomb tot up Nagasaki. Following the surrender that happened later in mid August 1945 it rendered the planned attack on Japan useless. It is noted that Joseph Stalin was not convinced by the dickens bombings as the usual kind of occurrences in a war but as sabotage. It was a plan by Britain and the US to use these atomic bombs to put Japan out of the war just before Russians implemented their plan. This was just before Russia had accepted taking part in the war against Japan. Also the USAs bombings of Japan were seen as a move to ensure that Russia did not get the territory that had been taken by

TAM provides Essay Example for Free

tammy provides EssayOnline trust is essential in e-commerce as such trait is needed to have a rosy relationship among consumers and electronic marketing sign of the zodiacs. Trust governs how the consumer behaves in online transactions and activities. The root news program aims to evaluate the reading of online trust in e-commerce and thus have provided one mode and two essential gravels to be discussed. Dr. Hemphill gave us simple factors which influence the institution of online trust.The study suggested that terms and policies must be presented to the consumer through the website in order for the consumer to understand the process of the firm in the businesses in terms of dealing within transactions. Most online marketers will spend much on their website development for people to discover their services. Thus, some people argue that gaining online trust is not just mere commitment in giving out service it is included as a package for consumers to get enticed to ask for the firms services and continue to acquire their services.TAM provides an understanding of how technology affects the formation of trust. A mystify used by galore(postnominal) re inquisitioners regarding online trust, the TAM evaluates how the perceived residual of use and perceived usefulness of the technology contributes to the trust and dependency of the individual with the technology. As observed in the society, people sees technology, in particular the computer and the Internet, as easy to use and useful. Everyday transactions can be done through this system which makes the lives of people easier and faster.As the paper specified, e-commerce is greatly influenced with this event. And this realization threatens privacy and security measures. Furthermore, a recent study by Lewis supported the direct positive effects of PIIT on perceived excuse of use. If a person is more innovative, he will try out the new system with an increased belief about his ability with technology and ease of use perception. (Lewis, 2003) There is great use of the determinants mentioned in the study of Cockcroft (2005) in evaluation the cultural dimensions of gaining trust in e-commerce.The determinants are able to explain online consumer behavior and how cultural and social norms affect the process of gaining online trust. Trust, being one immeasurable trait, is a result of several factors. Several factors affect the formation of trust mingled with consumers and online market firms. Although, the study concluded that only the determinant group collectivism contributes to the effect of cultural aspect in online trust. Another significant conclusion in the study is that trust is not attributed to the mediation between IUIPC and behavioral intention (Cockcroft, 2005).The individual may strongly be motivated to trust an online marketing firm but the intention to involve in the transactions with the firms may be lessened with privacy concerns- Cockcroft (2005). This essay incl uded just the significant determinants to discuss the of import objectives of the paper. Limitations on this essay and further improvements for future research First, The Technology Acceptance Model has its set limitations with the technology existed during the time the model was created. Future research regarding the model should define technology in a new perspective.Since technology nowadays is more sophisticated and complex, its revision should consider the situation of employing more refined technologies. TAM should involve more conflict in the models perceive ease of use. As researched, the revision for TAM should emphasize the perceive usefulness factor and add synopsis on the factor perceive enjoyment. Second, Cockcroft (2005) suggests that future research should include an evaluation regarding the diversity of culture in the society as this can affect the formation of online trust. I would agree and suggests this point well taken by the author.The paper, due to its limita tions, have included only the significant determinants in the social and cultural determinants model in line with its objectives, thus there is a need to study several determinants such as institutional collectivism and human interaction. Third, attributed to the limitation of word counting, the essay focused on two research models only. As this is realized, there is a need to discuss more models and provide cover analysis regarding how polar models explains and discern the formation and evolution of online trust in e-commerce.Fourth, the concept of online trust can not be summed or generalized into one formal and concrete model. Thus, to effectively lay a foundation of theories or ideas regarding online trust in e-commerce, future research must be done to accomplish this objective.BIBLIOGRAPHY1. ) Merriam Webster Online Dictionary, Definition of Trust, Google search engine, November 4, 2006 2. ) AUGUR, D. (2006) Internet Business Strategy Internet Business Facts and Statistics We b Development by My Web Gal.

Dance Paper Essay Example for Free

Dance Paper EssayThis trip the light fantastic is danced to live music with traditional Cambodian instruments. in that location is also singing done by the musicians. It is performed on an indoor stage. The dancers argon very(prenominal) graceful and move slowly. The focus a lot on judgment movements even though there is a slight tilt from side to side. The dancers ar carrying a goblet. They wear costumes with headpieces. The hands and wrist move and the focus is on the upper body because the long skirts cover up the legs. This dance looks same(p) it may symbolize something that has to do with the goblet prop. Royal Ballet of Cambodia.This dance is danced on stage and with live music and traditional singing. The dancers are very graceful and the women play twain the male and female part. There are dancers in the circumstance sitting. The dancers use their hands and do not travel very much. The costumes are elaborate and the headpieces are very large. The facial nerve ex pressions are subtle and not dramatic. The proboscis remains upright. The dance is performed indoors on a stage with lighting. This dance may symbolize a love story because there are both male and female roles. Tahiti Group Dance Performance This dance is performed on an outdoor stage with live music.The male dancers wear grass skirts just as the female dancers. The dance is very fast and upbeat. The female dancers move their hips while the male dancers move their legs in a scissor motion. Like the Cambodian dances, the facial expressions are not dramatic- they are very subtle. Male Tahitian Dance This is performed outdoors on grass to live music. The audience is not shown in this television but it seems like the audience is very casual. The dancers are scream and chant with passion. The male dancers wear garlands around their arms and ankles. They are in very pitiable grass skirts.The dancers move very quickly using their legs and arms. They travel as a group and do the same mov ements as a group. Fiji Dance This dance is performed outdoors to live music and live singing. This dance is about the Fiji ancestors. The dancers wearing grass garlands around their arms and grass skirts. The singing is very beautiful and the dancers are fluid in their movements. This seems to be a production because there are many dancers. It seems like a very large ceremony. There are different parts to this dance and it goes from smooth and fluid to a part that is more warrior-like.The males march and carry props like they are in booking. In the battle scene, they have their face painted to create a bigger effect of battle. The scene after the battle has the female dancers who are wearing dresses. They dance very fluidly with the paddle prop. It seems like the male dancers bring the strength to the dance and the female dancers bring the grace. Maori- Dances of Life excerpt The dancers provide their own music using their voices and slaps. This seems like it is a warrior dance b ecause the male dancers are very intense. They have painted faces and their faces are dramatic.The dance is about frightening the enemy and getting ready for war. They are dressed in loin cloths and use a spear prop. They dance outdoors in front of an audience. The dance itself has a lot of stomping and moving of the arms. rude(a) Zealand- Haka They are dressed in military outfits on the streets. It looks a lot like the Maori dance because they are chanting and using their legs in a hunker motion. They mostly dance with their upper body by moving their arms. It is very dramatic because of the chanting. They are honoring a member of the military who has passed away.

Purpose of Art Essay Example for Free

Purpose of Art EssayThe quote Anyone who says you cant see a thought simply doesnt know blind by Wynetka Ann Reynolds. Reynolds is saying in this quote that you need some thinking or predilections to see or do imposture. I think, If psyche cant see and figure that out, how can he draw or write music ? . In this quote Reynolds is saying that the purpose of art is thinking, like an imagination, imagination is the true inspiration of art. Without imagination we cant have art. Also without imagination other items like philosophy itself cannot exist. The Art unavoidably imagination or thinking. Art Should need imagination, for example, young children draws something unexpected, interesting even surprising for old peoples point of view, because they have lot of imaginations. Like they draws about address birds, talking dogs, those imaginations allow for give them more inspiration which eventually led them to be creative.A photographer must imagine what the end result will look l ike before snap the picture. Writer must imagine what his reader will see or comprehend when they have finished edition the article. Musician, whether creating a musical piece or plying an existing piece, must imagine what the music looks and sound like, and what those who hear it will hear, see and feel. Any form of art MUST involve imagination.Imagination is used in all aspects of life. Every inventor, artist, doctor, architect, all people use imagination. You have to be a creative creative thinker to produce anything. Which did not exist before It takes vision, imagination and intelligence to implement a new concept. The Artists should use imagination to talk or express their thought. Without imagination art itself cannot exist, it just will be one of copying thing without creativity.

What Benefits The Media Brings

What Benefits The Media Brings volume communication, like anything, has its pros and cons however quite a little media has far more advantages to propose the world than it does to harm it. They can take us to a distant land or teach us about the intricacies of the animal kingdom and in todays world, surfing the earnings for anything from business to pleasure, we experience training in a way unlike ever before in history. I hope to bedevil light on the benefits of Media on the world, the opinion of the public on Media, how media can be breedingal and lastly how the Internet is now a new Mass Medium.The general populous has an interesting alliance with Media in that it is the populous that gives career to the mass media machine. Early on in human history, mass media was communicated with gambolscript of emit, and it was that very link that gave way to small town gossip in the middle ages , where selective informationrmation like what the local officials were up to and who w as having relations with who and etc would circulate around. boy of mouth would remain the largest Mass Media until the invention of the printing press in 1436 when the news of the town could be t gray-headed and recorded forever.So with that being said, let me mother my paper. I first looked at what the people thought of Mass Media through the eyes of a poll taken about what the publics view on the media was. The information was reported in a Article by Joe Saltzman and states that the publics use and view of its media, shows that word of mouth is less trusted than CNN, public video recording news, local telly news, and prime-time TV news magazines. News anchors Americans see on television are considered more reliable as sources of accurate information than personal acquaintances (par 3).That appears to suggest that subsequently the set off of the press, people find that a recognized news source rather than a personal contact is to be trusted. People odour that they can trus t a Anchor as long as he/she remains credible and they feel optimistic because of that fact. Another benefit we modern font people have as opposed to our ancient counterparts is that we are citizens who get our information from trusted sources such as CNN, local news casts, public television news, and as a result we tend to usually end up better informed and more accurately informed than those ancient immigrants and our forefathers from their word of mouth reporting.The advantages of Media continue in an area you might not expect education. Not just education in the form of reading and arithmetic but life education. From the article, Media Education by Marjorie Hogan we find that if the public is media literate in how to break-down the content of the media and read what messages each presentation and advertisement is telling us, rather than taking something at its face value, then the public will be able to make better choices and educate their children about the messages of all med ia, and thereby control their childrens exposure to potentially harmful media (Hogan, par 7).There are also enormous amounts of educational programming such as, Sesame Street, Nickelodeon, and for the older kids, documentaries from public TV, channels like AE and The autobiography Channel. In an article by Aletha C. Huston and John C. Wright, called Television and the Informational and Educational Needs of Children, we see that the television medium seems to of had a positive effect on childrens education process.In 1990 the article says that the Childrens Television sour was passed mandating all broadcast stations to provide programming that, meets the educational and informational needs of children and youths (Huston, par 2). This meant that during the daytime stations had to play a minimum of three hours of educational media a day (Huston, par 2). Sesame street helped to educate the urban poor in the inner cities that usually wouldnt have the opportunity to gain a quality educ ation like their suburban counterparts who have better access to quality schools. Since the passing of the Childrens Television Act the number of educational programming has increased ten-fold.These programs have led to children having, according to Huston and Wright, social skills, (for example, cooperation, conflict resolution, knowledge about different cultures), emotional development (for example, concord feelings), creativity, language and literacy, positive attitudes about learning, critical thinking, problem solving, quantitative skills, cognitive skills (for example, inference, concept formation), and knowledge about the arts, history, social science, and natural science (Neapolitan and Huston 1994) (par 11).Oddly becoming these are all things, together with books read while young, that gave me an upper edge on my classmates in reading and critical thinking as well as giving me a curiosity and longing for a lifelong quest of knowledge. The electronic age is one filled with uncertainty because so much lies inwardly our reach that at times its overwhelming. Presently most colleges and universities are filled with computer systems and the new reference librarians have it easier than their ancient counterparts, they can locate info at a faster rate and keep it more readily available, which all help advance, reference service immensely.This is one aspect of this new Internet age. It is filled with life elevating and turbulent times ahead. In an article, The Net-Setters, Neal Gabler goes on to explain how the net-savvy people of today rival the early Jet-Setters of the 1960s. Gabler says, what they live is the cyberlifemore thrilling to many than the old high life of the jet-setters because it has more variety. In cyberspace, there are virtually no limits to what you can purport to do (par 3).The thing is with the Internet there is so much locked away potential that no one can avoid hearing of it. Its recognized that the Internet is the future yet there i s much ambiguity to where it will truly go and how it will be used. The Internet is a force to be dealt with, but it is sure to serve humanity much as its precursors of media have, to learn from and aid the greater distribution of information to all in this new fast-paced information super age.All things discussed, public perception of mass media is high by having and making our lives more comfortable and more informed, the educational value of media by helping our children to grasp concepts and skills, and the computer/Internet revolution by expanding our minds to boundless possibilities have all made impacts on who we are as humans and what we will become in the future as we progress through the ages. Hopefully mass media will last several more hundred years being that mass media is only relatively young in the abstract of all of human history is considered.

What Problems Are Facing Alexandra Near Johannesburg Environmental Sciences Essay

What Problems Are Facing Alexandra Near Johannesburg surroundingsal Sciences EssayThe name Alexandra was the name of a farmers married woman who in 1905 transformed his dairy farm into a township and named it after his wife. Over the last century Alexandra has been refuge to many poor immigrants looking for transgress standards of sustenance, waging their anticipates in the city of Johannesburg, too known as the place of gold. According to Alexandra Renewal Project(2006), Alexandra has grown to a population of approximately 350 000 people, squeezed into an arena of about 800 hectare and console showing no sign of decrease. This pattern of urban migration is painted across the history of Alexandra and was influenced by many political events, one of which is the outbreak of the Second initiation War in 1939, when extensive labour was needed for widespread expanding of the industrial and commercial sectors, empowering the force of urban migration. Alexandra even endured through the struggles of apartheid to become home to a diverse population of urban poor settlers. Alexandra Renewal Project(2006) states that Alexandra had until recent developments, a huge amount of informal dwellings where estimates ranged from 34 000 upwards. Consequently the township of Alexandra has a olympian but tragic history, which ushered it into the new century in desperate need of regeneration. This paper exemplifies the pass characteristics of Alexandra, a countrified bowl located on the ridgepole of Santon a rich suburb. Alexandra also is in close proximity to the major economic hub of Gauteng, the city of Johannesburg. This article focuses on the analysis of the situation currently lay out in Alexandra, which was undertaken through a in depth field study. In addition, this paper addresses the social and economic benefits that the work of civil engineers can present to Alexandra to advert it from slum status. This pull up stakes be done by defining the concept of a sl um and more everywhere examining the situation in Alexandra.(Alexandra renewal project,2006 Morris,2000 Bonner Nieftagodien,2008).The term slum identifies with a range of low income settlements and poor standards of brisk. Furthermore, according to UN-HABIT (2007) a slum could be defined as a heavily populated urban area characterised by low standard housing and squalor. This apparent ill nature of slums leave many asking why do slums know? According to UN-HABIT (2007) slums exist because of a number of forces. Some of these consist of rapid rural-to-urban migration, increasing urban poverty, inequality and globalisation. Applying these concepts to S.A its easy to see why Alexandra fell into the abyss that is slum status. With the orgasm of a new democratic government in 1994, people in search of newly promised jobs have flocked into the major hubs of S.A., which dramatically increased the rate of untutored labour migrating to major cities, thus demonstrating rapid rural to u rban migration. Furthermore UN-HABIT (2007) explains that the boom and busts of the economy such as that of S.A. churn up inequality and destine new wealth unevenly , which consequently contribute to the enormous growth of slums such as Alexandra. (Bonner Nieftagodien,2008 UN-HABIT,2007)The United Nations Human blockages Programme(2006) specifies a slum to be an area or suburb to be deprived of bother to safe water unsecure residential status, inadequate doorway to sanitation and other cornerstone poor morphologic quality of housing and overcrowding. That is, if anyone of these defining characteristics are found in an area, that area is to be classified as a slum. Alexandra status in relation to these characteristics will be discussed below.Water and sanitation are key factors in the elevation of Alexandra from slum status. The ever increasing population growth at bottom Alexandra, has overloaded the nucleotide to a point where water pressures are too low and sewers frequ ently over flow. In the areas with the highest density of informal settlements within Alexandra, water is collected by navigating severe paths between well spaced shacks and collecting it from overloaded taps. These water taps do not have adequate drainage, consequently water is left to flow between shacks. Moreover, pools of stagnant water form. According to United Nations Environment Programme(2000) these stagnant water pools are ideal breeding habitats for disease vectors such as mosquitoes. Because of this apparent lack of drainage systems below the informal settlements of Alexandra, people tend to disperse of waste water into these waterways that flow between the shacks, causing ill look odours to settle and give way for water borne diseases such as dysentery, cholera, typhoid and parasitic worms to thrive.( United Nations Environment Programme,2000 )Sanitation services play important place in healthy environment especially in areas like Alexandra which are defined as slum s. According to Barnes et al,(1999,p13) census data, 81% of the households in Alexandra have vex to aflush or chemical toilet, 1% of households use pit latrines and approximately 15% use the bucket latrine system. The informal homes of Alexandra are not connected to the formal mobile sewer system, thus chemical portable toilets service residents. These portable toilets are usually located next to streets on the outskirts of the informal settlements or shacks. These toilets are located in this way because there are no access roads nor space between the informal housing for municipal services to collect cloaca waste from these toilets. As a result residents have to navigate chanceful pathways to get to these sanitation services. Mirriam a person who currently lives (guide) explains that as these passages become dangerous to navigate at night, thus people tend to desiccate into bags and discard them into these narrow passageways, which attributes to countless diseases and the appal ling stench in the area. The lack of access also inhibits waste collection services to collect waste between the shacks, resulting in poor waste removal services in the area. Because of this, the overall area is polluted by waste lying around, furthermore the lack of waste collection attracts disease infested vermin and animals, worsening health conditions within the slumThe congestion and overcrowding in Alexandra act as a catalysts to all problems found in the area. Overloading in informal settlements, hostels and along the banks of the Jukskei river make living conditions stressful, unhealthy and dangerous. The unplanned nature and the overpopulated principle usage, has forced some settlers to build informal housing below the flood line of the Jukskei River and in some instances on unsafe slopes. According to United Nations Environment Programme(2000) during January 2000, unusually heavy rains precipitated and 120 informal households were washed away. In addition to over usage, structures have been built over previously installed sewer lines and manholes that make access for maintenance a tedious endeavour. Moreover, the overall high density of the informal settlements cause amplify the spreading of disorder like fires and diseases. Recent news reports that a devastating fire on 2 May 2011, killed three people and left 5000 people destitute living in Masiphumelele township, civil organisation in the informal settlement accuse the high density of settlement and lack of access roads to be responsible for the sheer scale of devastation within the township. (Alexandra renewal project,2006 Special Interest Group in Urban Settlement,2001 Eye Witness News,2011)The Childrens charter of S.A. , according to New Africa Education(2004) states that all children have a rectify to a safe environment and the right to recreational facilities so that children can be children. Alexandra is home to thousands of families, the Alexandra Renewal project (2006b) observes that over 120 000 children ranging from ages 2-18 years live in Alexandra. The slum conditions in Alexandra hinder children to develop into skilled professionals. That is, the over utilisation of the space available causes children to have nowhere to play and consequently fasten them turn to dangerous streets to occupy themselves. For some of the children who live on the opposing side of the Jukskei river, going to school comprises of having to wade through the Jukskei r river as bridge crossing the river are too far away. Some of the valiant students cross the river by walking across a pipeline that spans the river, this perceptibly is a dangerous feat and place children in unnecessary danger. Alexandra has access to electricity, but many illegal connections exist, these electrical connections pose another threat to children as substations are unstable and present a considerable danger to children with easy access available. These connections also give way to many fire hazardous in Al exandra.All aspects mentioned distinctly classify Alexandra as a slum in accordance to the defining characteristics specified earlier. It was seen that Alex illustrates lack of access to water and sanitation, consists of non durable housing built on dangerous areas where insecure tenure is definite and that overpopulation gives way to insufficient living areas and dangers to children. Furthermore this in depth look at the situation in Alexandra emphasizes the shocking need of a new age of renewal, hope and upliftment in this area. When reviewing the purpose of this paper it dictates that some form of solution to the uplift Alexandra from slum status oblige by the civil engineering will be addressed. Consequently these aspects will be argued below.Investments in civil engineering projects can substantially increase living standards within Alexandra. The Alexandra Renewal Project(ARP) is one of eight projects that form part of S.A. Integrated Sustainable Rural Development and Urban Renewal Programme, enforced by chairwoman Mbeki in 2001. This programme is an approach to address urbanisation and housing challenges in S.A. According to Alexandra Renewal project (2001) the budget in 2001 for the ARP was estimated to be R1.7 billion over seven years. The Alexandra Renewal Project includes extensive use of civil engineering skills to promote the Alexandra from slum status.Special Interest Group in Urban Settlement (2001) points out that repairments in sanitation and water services can be identified as imperative to the elevation of Alexandra. This could be achieved by firstly overcoming the cosmopolitan overloading of the sewerage system. By investigation it was found that civil engineers can construct new interceptor sewers which will connect to a new outgoing sewer carrying sewerage off to the bulk sewerage system. According to Special Interest Group in Urban Settlement (2001) if such a system would be in place, it could provide adequate services to slum dwell ers. The location and alignment of these new sewers is vital because for such a system to run adequately, there has to be access to manholes and pipes to provide maintenance services. Consequently this would consider improving the alignment of informal houses. Moreover, the construction of ablution blocks on the side of streets, instead of the portable chemical toilets, would therefore mean the elimination of poor level of service and high maintenance costs of chemical portable toilets. The ARP include the upgrading of the outfall sewers in Alexandra between 2001 and 2004. The rehabilitation of water systems is closely linked to the treatment of the sewerage system, as it would be easier to install improved water lines in junction with sewerage. The civil engineers attended to the low water pressures by upgrading water mains and by the construction of a new water reservoir, this formed part of the ARP. (Special Interest Group in Urban Settlement,2001 Alexandra Renewal project,2010 )The advance of structure infrastructure can transform Alexandra into a thriving urban area. Civil engineers can contribute by installing building infrastructure in a planned way, this includes the realignment of properties into small narrow stands. Which therefore results in the decrease in high densities of land usage and improves accessibility into Alexandra. Improved accessibility promotes better living conditions, as waste services are able to move between housing. Building infrastructure in the ARP included the construction of many buildings which act to improve social and economic status of the people living in Alexandra. These buildings includes construction and improvement of police stations, people centres, 1400 housing units, 350 social housing units, Alexandra transit small town and Marlboro transit village upgrade. These building improvements give owners a secure tenure which in turn spur them to maintain and invest in these building. The installation of this infras tructure give place to economic behaviour to form and to forester a spirit of entrepreneurship within Alexandra, as small business and educational services arise. The ARP included centres which is called clusters where slum dwellers are able to attain marketable skills such as care worker skills, tourism skills and construction skills.( Alexandra Renewal project,2010 )Social end economical benefits do not only come in the form of new buildings but also includes the improvement of road and overall infrastructure. This includes the construction of recreational pose and sport fields, upgrading of roads, widening of London bridge, construction of a pedestrian bridge across the Jukskei river and the improvement of storm water drainage. These improvements influence the social and economic aspects of Alexandra. The improvement of roads give Alexandra access to business markets outside of Alexandra, the pedestrian bridge relieve children from the dangers of crossing the Jukskei river and parks and sports fields remove people from a finger of squalor.( Alexandra Renewal project,2010 )To conclude, this essay depicts the situation found in Alexandra, an area defined as a slum. It was found that slums mainly exist due to rapid rural to urban migration, high levels of inequality and globalization. Moreover, slums where defined by the lack of the access to water, sanitation, durable housing, secure tenure and sufficient living areas. It was then illustrated that Alexandra can be characterised as a slum, because of its poor quality of water and sanitation services. Furthermore congestion proved to act as a catalyst to other problems such as unsafe tenure and spreading of diseases . Also, dangerous aspects such as illegal electrical connections and inadequate lack of infrastructure was illustrated.